Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, Amann M, Anderson HR, Andrews KG, Aryee M, et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European atherosclerosis society. Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, Ginsberg HN, Masana L, Descamps OS, Wiklund O, Hegele RA, Raal FJ, Defesche JC, et al. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular damage caused by chronic inflammation using microRNA and nano-medicine technology, are discussed.ĪpoE Atherosclerosis ER stress LDL receptor Mitochondrial dysfunction Mouse models Reactive oxygen species. We also review recent advances in the field, such as the role of oxidative stress in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA damage, which can result in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this article, we will examine the different mouse models for the study and elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. A good understanding of the similarities and differences to humans enables effective extrapolation of data for translational application. There is no single ideal animal model, as different systems are suitable for different research objectives. Moreover, pathophysiological changes can be induced either genetically or pharmacologically to study the harmful effects of these interventions. Compared to studies using human subjects, animal models have the advantages of being easier to manage, with controllable diet and environmental risk factors. They can be used for invasive interrogation of physiological function and provide a platform for testing the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies. Animal models of atherosclerosis have served as valuable tools for providing insights on its aetiology, pathophysiology and complications. represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing countries. 10 Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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